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The True Toughness Of Human Cortical Bone Measured With Realistically
947
Category : Science » Human Body Science
curves, for human cortical bone, are shown in Fig. 1, with . in human bone. The degree . Toughening in human bone is most prominent in the transverse .
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Content Summary :
Bone is more di
fficult to break than to split. Although this is well known, and many
studies exist on the behaviour of long cracks in
bone, there is a need for data on the orientation-dependent
crack-growth resistance behaviour of human cortical bone that
accurately
assesses its toughness at appropriate size scales. Here, we use
in situ
mechanical testing to examine how physiologically pertinent short
(
<
600
µ
m) cracks propagate in both the transverse and longitudinal
orientations in cortical bone, using both crack-deflection/twist
mechanics and nonlinear-elastic fracture mechanics to determine
crack-resistance curves. We find that after only 500
µ
m of cracking,
the
driving force for crack propagation was more than five times higher in
the transverse (breaking) direction than in the longitudinal
(splitting)
direction owing to major crack deflections/twists, principally at cement
sheaths. Indeed, our results show that the true
transverse toughness of cortical bone is far higher than previously
reported. However, the toughness in the longitudinal orientation,
where
cracks tend to follow the cement lines, is quite low at these small
crack sizes; it is only when cracks become several millimetres
in length that bridging mechanisms can fully develop leading to the
(larger-crack) toughnesses generally quoted for bone.
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