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NuSphere products provide the tools you need to write MySQL applications in a variety of languages. The languages that most people use with are PHP and Perl, but a sometimes-overlooked component of these products are the MM.MySQL driver, which allows you to develop Java applications that interact with your MySQL server. MM.MySQL works within the framework of the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API, an interface that allows Java programs to use database serv- ers in a portable way. JDBC is based on an approach similar to that used in the design of Perl's DBI module, Python's DB-API module, and (more re- cently) PHP's PEAR::DB class. This approach uses a two-tier architecture: • The top level is visible to application programs and presents an abstract interface for connecting to and using database engines. The application interface does not depend on details specific to particular engines. • The lower level consists of drivers for individual database engines. Each driver handles the details necessary to map the abstract application interface onto operations that a specific engine will understand.